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Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil: Considerations for Human Health Risk Assessment

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1 Introduction
1 Introduction Overview
1.1 Using Bioavailability Information
1.2 Background
1.3 Definition of Terms
2 Regulatory Background
2 Regulatory Background Overview
2.1 Current Practices: Survey of State Regulators
3 Technical Background
3 Technical Background Overview
3.1 Soil Mineral Phases
3.2 Soil pH, Organic Matter, and Reactive Clay Minerals
3.3 Soil Particle Size
4 Decision Process
4 Decision Process Overview
4.1 Decision Process Flowchart
4.2 Is there a Method Available?
4.3 Could Bioavailability Assessment Affect the Remedial Decisions?
4.4 Do the Benefits of Bioavailability Assessment Justify the Costs?
4.5 Further Considerations
5 Methodology
5 Methodology for Evaluating Contaminant Oral Bioavailability Overview
5.1 In Vivo Approach
5.2 In Vitro Approach
6 Lead
6 Lead Overview
6.1 Fate and Transport
6.2 Toxicology and Exposure
6.3 Methodology for Quantifying RBA of Lead in Soil
6.4 When Does a Bioavailability Study Make Sense?
6.5 Case Studies
6.6 Using Bioavailability Methods to Evaluate Remedies (Bioavailability-Based Remediation)
7 Arsenic
7 Arsenic Overview
7.1 Fate and Transport
7.2 Toxicology and Exposure
7.3 Methodology for Evaluating Arsenic Bioavailability
7.4 When Does It Make Sense to Use Bioavailability?
7.5 Case Studies
7.6 Using Bioavailability Methods to Evaluate Remedies (Bioavailability Based Remediation)
8 PAHs
8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Overview
8.1 PAH Sources and Exposure
8.2 General Toxicity of PAHs
8.3 Influences of Soil on Bioavailability of PAH
8.4 Methodology for Evaluating PAH Bioavailability
8.5 Dermal Absorption
8.6 Amendment Strategies and Permanence of Bioavailability
8.7 Case Study
9 Risk Assessment
9 Using Bioavailability Information in Risk Assessment Overview
9.1 Risk Calculations
9.2 Other Considerations and Limitations
10 Stakeholder Perspectives
10 Stakeholder Perspectives Overview
10.1 Stakeholder Concerns
10.2 Specific Tribal Stakeholder Concerns
10.3 Stakeholder Engagement
11 Case Studies
11 Case Studies Overview
11.1 Arsenic, Mining, CA
11.2 Arsenic, Pesticide, AR
11.3 Arsenic, Naturally occurring, UT
11.4 Arsenic, Smelter, AZ
11.5 Arsenic-contaminated tailings, OR
11.6 Lead, Industrial, Midwest US
11.7 PAH, Skeet targets, TX
11.8 Arsenic, Copper precipitation, UT
11.9 Arsenic, CCA wood preservative, CA
11.10 Arsenic, MGP coal ash, MI
11.11 Lead, Mining MT
11.12 Lead, Mining, MT
11.13 Lead, Smelter, UT
Additional Information
Review Checklist
Appendix A: Detailed Survey Responses
Appendix B: Chemical Reactions of Metals
Acronyms
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
Document Feedback

 

Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil
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Team Contacts

Kathryn Durant, Team Leader
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
[email protected]
302 395-2680

Claudio Sorrentino, Team Leader
California Department of Toxic Substances Control
[email protected]
916-255-6656

Lesley Hay Wilson, Program Advisor
Sage Risk Solutions LLC
[email protected]
512-327-0902

Lisa Alcorn
USDA Forest Service
[email protected]
828-545-2571

Shanna Alexander
Georgia Environmental Protection Division
[email protected]
404-657-8658

Richard (Hunter) Anderson
U.S. Air Force CEC
[email protected]
210-395-0625

Nicholas Basta
Ohio State University
[email protected]
614-292-6282

Marlena Brewer
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
[email protected]
907-269-1099

Mark Bruce
TestAmerica Laboratories, Inc.
[email protected]
330-966-7267

Teresa Caputi
Brown and Caldwell
[email protected]
201-574-4782

Otakyue Conroy-Ben
Arizona State University
[email protected]
480-727-4514

Scott Dwyer
Kleinfelder
[email protected]
425-922-5424

Scott Everett
Utah Department of Environmental Quality
[email protected]
801-536-4117

Norman Forsberg
Arcadis
[email protected]
978-322-4552

Jessica Goin
Anchor QEA
[email protected]
503-972-5019

Jose Gomez-Eyles
Integral Consulting, Inc.
[email protected]
206-957-0367

Valerie Hanley
California Department of Toxic Substances Control
[email protected]
916-255-6440

Sonal Iyer
Virginia Department of Health
[email protected]
804-864-7931

Karen Kinsella
GZA GeoEnvironmental. Inc.
[email protected]
860-573-9787

Kate Kucharzyk
Battelle
[email protected]
614-424-5489

Matthew Lambert
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OSRTI
[email protected]
703-603-7174

Daniel Letinski
ExxonMobil
[email protected]
908-730-1124
Gladys Liehr
Florida Department of Environmental Protection
[email protected]
850-245-8779

Kevin Long
Ramboll
[email protected]
609-951-9048

Yvette Lowney
SERDP
[email protected]
303-589-9955

Diana Marquez
Burns & McDonnell Engineering
[email protected]
816-822-3453

Anita Meyer
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
[email protected]
402-697-2585

Divinia Ries
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
[email protected]
517-284-5142

Stephen Roberts
University of Florida
[email protected]
352-294-4514

Pamela Rodgers
Battelle
[email protected]
614-424-4624

Chad Roper
AECOM
[email protected]
805-764-4027

Kirk Scheckel
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development
[email protected]
513-487-2865

Barrie Selcoe
CH2M Hill
[email protected]
281-246-4322

Elizabeth Semkiw
Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services
[email protected]
573-526-6649

Geoff Siemering
University of Wisconsin, Madison
[email protected]
608-262-9969

James S. Smith, Jr.
DOD, NMCPHC
[email protected]
757-953-0944

Peter Strauss
PM Strauss & Associates
[email protected]
415-647-4404

Hans Stroo
SERDP
[email protected]
541-482-1404

Bryn Thoms
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
[email protected]
541-687-7424

Usha Vedagiri
AECOM
[email protected]
510-874-3123

Trish Venable
U.S. Navy, NAVFAC
[email protected]
805-982-1411

Justice Williams
Georgia Environmental Protection Division
[email protected]
404-657-8631

Lynn Woodbury
CDM Smith
[email protected]
303-383-2382

Stephen Zemba
Sanborn, Head & Associates
[email protected]
802-431-0539

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