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Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil: Considerations for Human Health Risk Assessment

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1 Introduction
1 Introduction Overview
1.1 Using Bioavailability Information
1.2 Background
1.3 Definition of Terms
2 Regulatory Background
2 Regulatory Background Overview
2.1 Current Practices: Survey of State Regulators
3 Technical Background
3 Technical Background Overview
3.1 Soil Mineral Phases
3.2 Soil pH, Organic Matter, and Reactive Clay Minerals
3.3 Soil Particle Size
4 Decision Process
4 Decision Process Overview
4.1 Decision Process Flowchart
4.2 Is there a Method Available?
4.3 Could Bioavailability Assessment Affect the Remedial Decisions?
4.4 Do the Benefits of Bioavailability Assessment Justify the Costs?
4.5 Further Considerations
5 Methodology
5 Methodology for Evaluating Contaminant Oral Bioavailability Overview
5.1 In Vivo Approach
5.2 In Vitro Approach
6 Lead
6 Lead Overview
6.1 Fate and Transport
6.2 Toxicology and Exposure
6.3 Methodology for Quantifying RBA of Lead in Soil
6.4 When Does a Bioavailability Study Make Sense?
6.5 Case Studies
6.6 Using Bioavailability Methods to Evaluate Remedies (Bioavailability-Based Remediation)
7 Arsenic
7 Arsenic Overview
7.1 Fate and Transport
7.2 Toxicology and Exposure
7.3 Methodology for Evaluating Arsenic Bioavailability
7.4 When Does It Make Sense to Use Bioavailability?
7.5 Case Studies
7.6 Using Bioavailability Methods to Evaluate Remedies (Bioavailability Based Remediation)
8 PAHs
8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Overview
8.1 PAH Sources and Exposure
8.2 General Toxicity of PAHs
8.3 Influences of Soil on Bioavailability of PAH
8.4 Methodology for Evaluating PAH Bioavailability
8.5 Dermal Absorption
8.6 Amendment Strategies and Permanence of Bioavailability
8.7 Case Study
9 Risk Assessment
9 Using Bioavailability Information in Risk Assessment Overview
9.1 Risk Calculations
9.2 Other Considerations and Limitations
10 Stakeholder Perspectives
10 Stakeholder Perspectives Overview
10.1 Stakeholder Concerns
10.2 Specific Tribal Stakeholder Concerns
10.3 Stakeholder Engagement
11 Case Studies
11 Case Studies Overview
11.1 Arsenic, Mining, CA
11.2 Arsenic, Pesticide, AR
11.3 Arsenic, Naturally occurring, UT
11.4 Arsenic, Smelter, AZ
11.5 Arsenic-contaminated tailings, OR
11.6 Lead, Industrial, Midwest US
11.7 PAH, Skeet targets, TX
11.8 Arsenic, Copper precipitation, UT
11.9 Arsenic, CCA wood preservative, CA
11.10 Arsenic, MGP coal ash, MI
11.11 Lead, Mining MT
11.12 Lead, Mining, MT
11.13 Lead, Smelter, UT
Additional Information
Review Checklist
Appendix A: Detailed Survey Responses
Appendix B: Chemical Reactions of Metals
Acronyms
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
Document Feedback

 

Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil
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Team Contacts

Kathryn Durant, Team Leader
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
kathryn.durant@state.de.us
302 395-2680

Claudio Sorrentino, Team Leader
California Department of Toxic Substances Control
claudio.sorrentino@DTSC.ca.gov
916-255-6656

Lesley Hay Wilson, Program Advisor
Sage Risk Solutions LLC
lhay_wilson@sagerisk.com
512-327-0902

Lisa Alcorn
USDA Forest Service
lmalcorn@fs.fed.us
828-545-2571

Shanna Alexander
Georgia Environmental Protection Division
shanna.alexander@dnr.ga.gov
404-657-8658

Richard (Hunter) Anderson
U.S. Air Force CEC
richard.anderson.55@us.af.mil
210-395-0625

Nicholas Basta
Ohio State University
basta.4@osu.edu
614-292-6282

Marlena Brewer
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
marlena.brewer@alaska.gov
907-269-1099

Mark Bruce
TestAmerica Laboratories, Inc.
mark.bruce@testamericainc.com
330-966-7267

Teresa Caputi
Brown and Caldwell
tcaputi@brwncald.com
201-574-4782

Otakyue Conroy-Ben
Arizona State University
otakuye.conroy@asu.edu
480-727-4514

Scott Dwyer
Kleinfelder
sdwyer@kleinfelder.com
425-922-5424

Scott Everett
Utah Department of Environmental Quality
severett@utah.gov
801-536-4117

Norman Forsberg
Arcadis
norman.forsberg@arcadis.com
978-322-4552

Jessica Goin
Anchor QEA
jgoin@anchorqea.com
503-972-5019

Jose Gomez-Eyles
Integral Consulting, Inc.
jgeyles@integral-corp.com
206-957-0367

Valerie Hanley
California Department of Toxic Substances Control
Valerie.Hanley@dtsc.ca.gov
916-255-6440

Sonal Iyer
Virginia Department of Health
sonal.iyer@vdh.virginia.gov
804-864-7931

Karen Kinsella
GZA GeoEnvironmental. Inc.
karen.kinsella@gza.com
860-573-9787

Kate Kucharzyk
Battelle
kucharzyk@battelle.org
614-424-5489

Matthew Lambert
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OSRTI
lambert.matthew@epa.gov
703-603-7174

Daniel Letinski
ExxonMobil
daniel.j.letinski@exxonmobil.com
908-730-1124
Gladys Liehr
Florida Department of Environmental Protection
gladys.liehr@dep.state.fl.us
850-245-8779

Kevin Long
Ramboll
kllong@ramboll.com
609-951-9048

Yvette Lowney
SERDP
YLowney@Alloy-llc.com
303-589-9955

Diana Marquez
Burns & McDonnell Engineering
dmarque@burnsmcd.com
816-822-3453

Anita Meyer
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
anita.k.meyer@usace.army.mil
402-697-2585

Divinia Ries
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
riesd@michigan.gov
517-284-5142

Stephen Roberts
University of Florida
smroberts@ufl.edu
352-294-4514

Pamela Rodgers
Battelle
rodgersp@battelle.org
614-424-4624

Chad Roper
AECOM
chad.roper@aecom.com
805-764-4027

Kirk Scheckel
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development
Scheckel.Kirk@epa.gov
513-487-2865

Barrie Selcoe
CH2M Hill
bselcoe@ch2m.com
281-246-4322

Elizabeth Semkiw
Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services
elizabeth.semkiw@health.mo.gov
573-526-6649

Geoff Siemering
University of Wisconsin, Madison
gsiemering@wisc.edu
608-262-9969

James S. Smith, Jr.
DOD, NMCPHC
james.s.smith454.civ@mail.mil
757-953-0944

Peter Strauss
PM Strauss & Associates
petestrauss1@comcast.net
415-647-4404

Hans Stroo
SERDP
hans@strooconsulting.com
541-482-1404

Bryn Thoms
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
thoms.bryn@deq.state.or.us
541-687-7424

Usha Vedagiri
AECOM
usha.vedagiri@aecom.com
510-874-3123

Trish Venable
U.S. Navy, NAVFAC
patricia.venable@navy.mil
805-982-1411

Justice Williams
Georgia Environmental Protection Division
Justice.Williams@dnr.ga.gov
404-657-8631

Lynn Woodbury
CDM Smith
woodburyl@cdmsmith.com
303-383-2382

Stephen Zemba
Sanborn, Head & Associates
szemba@sanbornhead.com
802-431-0539

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