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Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil: Considerations for Human Health Risk Assessment

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1 Introduction
1 Introduction Overview
1.1 Using Bioavailability Information
1.2 Background
1.3 Definition of Terms
2 Regulatory Background
2 Regulatory Background Overview
2.1 Current Practices: Survey of State Regulators
3 Technical Background
3 Technical Background Overview
3.1 Soil Mineral Phases
3.2 Soil pH, Organic Matter, and Reactive Clay Minerals
3.3 Soil Particle Size
4 Decision Process
4 Decision Process Overview
4.1 Decision Process Flowchart
4.2 Is there a Method Available?
4.3 Could Bioavailability Assessment Affect the Remedial Decisions?
4.4 Do the Benefits of Bioavailability Assessment Justify the Costs?
4.5 Further Considerations
5 Methodology
5 Methodology for Evaluating Contaminant Oral Bioavailability Overview
5.1 In Vivo Approach
5.2 In Vitro Approach
6 Lead
6 Lead Overview
6.1 Fate and Transport
6.2 Toxicology and Exposure
6.3 Methodology for Quantifying RBA of Lead in Soil
6.4 When Does a Bioavailability Study Make Sense?
6.5 Case Studies
6.6 Using Bioavailability Methods to Evaluate Remedies (Bioavailability-Based Remediation)
7 Arsenic
7 Arsenic Overview
7.1 Fate and Transport
7.2 Toxicology and Exposure
7.3 Methodology for Evaluating Arsenic Bioavailability
7.4 When Does It Make Sense to Use Bioavailability?
7.5 Case Studies
7.6 Using Bioavailability Methods to Evaluate Remedies (Bioavailability Based Remediation)
8 PAHs
8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Overview
8.1 PAH Sources and Exposure
8.2 General Toxicity of PAHs
8.3 Influences of Soil on Bioavailability of PAH
8.4 Methodology for Evaluating PAH Bioavailability
8.5 Dermal Absorption
8.6 Amendment Strategies and Permanence of Bioavailability
8.7 Case Study
9 Risk Assessment
9 Using Bioavailability Information in Risk Assessment Overview
9.1 Risk Calculations
9.2 Other Considerations and Limitations
10 Stakeholder Perspectives
10 Stakeholder Perspectives Overview
10.1 Stakeholder Concerns
10.2 Specific Tribal Stakeholder Concerns
10.3 Stakeholder Engagement
11 Case Studies
11 Case Studies Overview
11.1 Arsenic, Mining, CA
11.2 Arsenic, Pesticide, AR
11.3 Arsenic, Naturally occurring, UT
11.4 Arsenic, Smelter, AZ
11.5 Arsenic-contaminated tailings, OR
11.6 Lead, Industrial, Midwest US
11.7 PAH, Skeet targets, TX
11.8 Arsenic, Copper precipitation, UT
11.9 Arsenic, CCA wood preservative, CA
11.10 Arsenic, MGP coal ash, MI
11.11 Lead, Mining MT
11.12 Lead, Mining, MT
11.13 Lead, Smelter, UT
Additional Information
Review Checklist
Appendix A: Detailed Survey Responses
Appendix B: Chemical Reactions of Metals
Acronyms
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
Document Feedback

 

Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil
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Acronyms

AALM All Ages Lead Model
ABA absolute bioavailability
ADAF age–dependent adjustment factor
ADD average daily dose
ALAD aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
ALM Adult Lead Methodology
APS advanced photon source
ARAR Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirement
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
AUC area under the curve
BaP benzo(a)pyrene
BARGE BioAccessibility Research Group of Europe
BCS Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil
bgs below ground surface
BLL blood lead level
CAB California Arsenic Bioaccessibility (Method)
CCA chromated copper arsenate
CD criteria document
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CEC cation exchange capacity
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CG cleanup goal
CR cancer risk
CRM certified reference material
CSF cancer slope factor
CSM conceptual site model
DCM dichloromethane
DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid
DOH (Hawaii) Department of Health
DTSC (California) Department of Toxic Substance Control
DQO data quality objective
DU decision unit
ECOS Environmental Council of the States
ELCR excess lifetime cancer risk
EMPA electron microprobe analysis
ERIS Environmental Research Institute of the States
ESTCP Environmental Security Technology Certification Program
EVA ethyl vinyl acetate
FDA Food and Drug Agency
FOREhST Fed Organic Estimation Human Simulation Test
GI gastrointestinal
HHRA human health risk assessment
HI hazard index
HOC hydrophobic organic compound
HQ hazard quotient
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICCVAM Interagency Coordinating Committee for Validation of Alternative Methods
IEUBK integrated exposure uptake biokinetic (model)
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
ISM incremental sampling methodology
ISO International Organization for Standards
ITRC Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council
IVBA in vitro bioaccessibility
IVIVC in vivo – in vitro correlation
IVG (Ohio State University, OSU) In Vitro Gastrointestinal
LADD lifetime daily dose
MGP manufactured gas plant
MMOA mutagenic mode of action
NAPL nonaqueous phase liquid
NAS National Academy of Science
NRC National Research Council
NTP National Toxicology Program
OC organic carbon
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OEHHA (California) Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
OSWER Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
PBET (Royal Military College, RMC) Physiologically Based Extraction Test
PCB polychlorinated biphenyls
PRA probabilistic risk assessment
PRG preliminary remediation goal
QA/QC quality assurance/quality control
RAGS Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund
RBA relative oral bioavailability
RBALP Relative Bioaccessibility Leaching Procedure
RBCA risk-based corrective action
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RfC reference concentration
RfD reference dose
RME reasonable maximum exposure
RPF relative potency factor
RSD Relative standard deviation
RSL regional screening level
SAFR small arms firing range
SBRC Solubility/Bioavailability Research Consortium
SEM standard error of the mean
SEP sequential extraction procedures
SERDP Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program
SHIME Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem
SOM soil organic matter
SOP standard operating procedure
SRM standard reference material
TCR target cancer risk
TEF toxicity equivalence factor
THI target hazard index
THQ target hazard quotient
UBM Unified BARGE Method, Unified Bioaccessibility Method
UCL upper confidence limit
USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
USGS United States Geological Survey
WHO World Health Organization
XAS X-ray absorption spectroscopy

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