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Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil: Considerations for Human Health Risk Assessment

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1 Introduction
1 Introduction Overview
1.1 Using Bioavailability Information
1.2 Background
1.3 Definition of Terms
2 Regulatory Background
2 Regulatory Background Overview
2.1 Current Practices: Survey of State Regulators
3 Technical Background
3 Technical Background Overview
3.1 Soil Mineral Phases
3.2 Soil pH, Organic Matter, and Reactive Clay Minerals
3.3 Soil Particle Size
4 Decision Process
4 Decision Process Overview
4.1 Decision Process Flowchart
4.2 Is there a Method Available?
4.3 Could Bioavailability Assessment Affect the Remedial Decisions?
4.4 Do the Benefits of Bioavailability Assessment Justify the Costs?
4.5 Further Considerations
5 Methodology
5 Methodology for Evaluating Contaminant Oral Bioavailability Overview
5.1 In Vivo Approach
5.2 In Vitro Approach
6 Lead
6 Lead Overview
6.1 Fate and Transport
6.2 Toxicology and Exposure
6.3 Methodology for Quantifying RBA of Lead in Soil
6.4 When Does a Bioavailability Study Make Sense?
6.5 Case Studies
6.6 Using Bioavailability Methods to Evaluate Remedies (Bioavailability-Based Remediation)
7 Arsenic
7 Arsenic Overview
7.1 Fate and Transport
7.2 Toxicology and Exposure
7.3 Methodology for Evaluating Arsenic Bioavailability
7.4 When Does It Make Sense to Use Bioavailability?
7.5 Case Studies
7.6 Using Bioavailability Methods to Evaluate Remedies (Bioavailability Based Remediation)
8 PAHs
8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Overview
8.1 PAH Sources and Exposure
8.2 General Toxicity of PAHs
8.3 Influences of Soil on Bioavailability of PAH
8.4 Methodology for Evaluating PAH Bioavailability
8.5 Dermal Absorption
8.6 Amendment Strategies and Permanence of Bioavailability
8.7 Case Study
9 Risk Assessment
9 Using Bioavailability Information in Risk Assessment Overview
9.1 Risk Calculations
9.2 Other Considerations and Limitations
10 Stakeholder Perspectives
10 Stakeholder Perspectives Overview
10.1 Stakeholder Concerns
10.2 Specific Tribal Stakeholder Concerns
10.3 Stakeholder Engagement
11 Case Studies
11 Case Studies Overview
11.1 Arsenic, Mining, CA
11.2 Arsenic, Pesticide, AR
11.3 Arsenic, Naturally occurring, UT
11.4 Arsenic, Smelter, AZ
11.5 Arsenic-contaminated tailings, OR
11.6 Lead, Industrial, Midwest US
11.7 PAH, Skeet targets, TX
11.8 Arsenic, Copper precipitation, UT
11.9 Arsenic, CCA wood preservative, CA
11.10 Arsenic, MGP coal ash, MI
11.11 Lead, Mining MT
11.12 Lead, Mining, MT
11.13 Lead, Smelter, UT
Additional Information
Review Checklist
Appendix A: Detailed Survey Responses
Appendix B: Chemical Reactions of Metals
Acronyms
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts

 

Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil
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Chemical Chemical Formula    
Liquid Density Vapor Density Vapor Pressure Boiling Point Solubility Henry’s Constant Koc Reactivity Reference
    g/cm^3 (water = 1 g/cm^3) compared with air (air = 1) mm HG  (volatile >= 1 mm HG) Degrees C mg/L atm-m^3/mole L/kg
                     
tetrachloroethene (PCE) C2Cl4 1.62 @ 20 C 5.7 18.47@25 C 121.1 200 0.0184 155 abiotic biogeochemical transformation EPA 1994, EPA 1996
trichloroethene (TCE) CCl3H 1.46 4.5 (MSDS) 58 @ 20 C 87.2 1100 0.0103 166 abiotic biogeochemical transformation EPA 1996
1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE) CH2Cl2 1.213 3.25 (NTP) 500 @ 20 C 32 2250 0.0261 58.9 abiotic biogeochemical transformation EPA 1996
cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-1,2-DCE) 1.2837 3.34 or 3.54 200 @ 25 C 60.2 3500 0.00408 35.5 abiotic biogeochemical transformation EPA 1996
trans-1,2-dichloroethene (trans-1,2-DCE) 1.257 @25 C 3.34 5.2 psi @ 20 C 48.5 6300 0.00938 52.5 abiotic biogeochemical transformation EPA 1996
vinyl chloride (VC) C2H3Cl 0.911 2.2 2300-2280 -13.4 2760 0.027 18.6 abiotic biogeochemical transformation EPA 1996
1,2-dichlroethane (1,2-DCA) C2H4Cl2 1.253 g/cm^3 3.42 (air = 1) 61 mm Hg (20 C) 83.5 8600 0.00091 atm-m^3/mol 17.4   EPA 1996
1,4-dioxane C4H8O2 1.033 3.03 29 @ 20 C 101.1 Miscible 0.0000048 1.23   United States EPA
carbon tetrachloride (CT) CCl4 1.5867 91.3 5.32 @ 20 C 76.72 810 1.197 174   www.nj.gov/dep/srp/guidance/rs/chemproperties.pdf
chloroform (CF) CHCl3 1.489 4.1 160 @ 20 C 61.15 8,090 0.00367 39.8   www.nj.gov/dep/srp/guidance/rs/chemproperties.pdf
methylene chloride (MC) CH2Cl2 1.326 2.93 435 @ 25 C 39.6 13,000 0.00219 11.7   www.nj.gov/dep/srp/guidance/rs/chemproperties.pdf
chloromethane (CM) CH3Cl 2.22 1.8 4300 @  25 C -24.2 5,040 0.0088 6   www.nj.gov/dep/srp/guidance/rs/chemproperties.pdf
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (PCA) C2H2Cl4 1.59 5.8 5.74 @ 25 C 146 2,830 0.000345 93.3   www.nj.gov/dep/srp/guidance/rs/chemproperties.pdf
LEGEND FOR COLORS (FATE AND TRANSPORT MECHANISMS)
  Chemical, due to high density, likely to sink beneath water table within the secondary porosity of fractured rock.
  Chemical, due to relatively high solubility, likely to have significant matrix/back diffusion if in bedrock with high primary porosity
  Chemical, due to high sorbtion characteristic, likely to be retarted in transport and could act as long term reservoir in both primary and secondary porosity
  Chemical likely degraded through abiotic mechanisms if encountered in bedrock of certain types (e.g., pyrite, or high iron content bedrock)
  Chemical that because of its boiling point may be amenable to electrical resistivity heating (ERH) or conductivity heating removal technologies
  Chemical because of its volatility or tendancy to partition from groundwater to vapor, may be present in vapor phase within unsaturated zone
  Chemical because of its vapor density, and if present in high concentrations, may sink in unsaturated zone and contaminate groundwater
  Not determined
References:
     www.nj.gov/dep/srp/guidance/rs/chemproperties.pdf  (for vapor density, vapor Pressure, Henry’s Constants, dimensionless, Koc)
     Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound (for liquid density, boiling point, solubility)
Note that this table is intended to present the implications of chemical properties for fate and transport, but is not intended to be a sole source of chemical information for modeling or other purposes


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